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Solution to problems

Seasonal moisture gradients inevitably lead a small change in wood volume. Of course, these changes does not matter for cutting boards, nevertheless we have to consider it in practical use of the board.

In wintertime, house heating is reason of moisture decrease, and wood dry out; in summertime, moisture is increasing and wood is splaying out. In addition, it is clear you should not keep boards within easy reach of heating appliance. The only way to protect wood of moisture gradients is covering with slushing oil. In cutting boards case it is necessary to quite often (preferably not less than once a month) smear with mineral oil board surface to fill wood pores. With proper care, board will serve you at least 10 years.

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End Grain Cutting Boards disinfection

If you are interested in saving your board usability we recommend you to treat the board with mineral oil. This procedure is advised to prevent mold, growth of bacteria and odor absorbing. We do warn you – use only mineral oil but vegetable one due to its rancidification.
To treat the board with oil just pour and rub it on all surfaces with soft cloth. Please, do not be afraid of overflowing – wood cannot soak up more oil than it able to soak up. Then dry the exessess with cloth.

It is possible to improve the board with adding beeswax on oil. The beeswax for a long time is used to make wood smooth, soft, waterproofing and more durable.
To get a composition take 4 parts of oil and 1 part of beeswax. There is two ways to mix ingredients:

Heat the oil in bain marie then add beeswax chips;
Put the mixture in the microwave to 30-45 sec.

Then rub up the mix. Unlike with pure oil, cooling it fills in each pore and split, achieving smooth, firm and durable surface that yield to polishing with cloth. Making a point – the composition could be heated and used as effective as before.

It is necessary to treat with oil (or mixture) the board at least 3 times with 5-6 hour interval – the oil should soak in. The treating procedure is recommended to repeat monthly.

General servicing rules are here:

Let’s get acquainted with another ways of care:

  1. Vinegar - strong white vinegar can be used to disinfect your cutting board keeping it free of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus. It is mostly advised to people with chemical allergy.
  2. Hydrogen Peroxide – use 3 percent solution to rub the board after treating it with vinegar.
  3. Bleach – if you need to disinfect the wood cutting board you can do so by mixing a diluted bleach solution. Prepare a mixture of 1 litre of water and one cup bleach. Wipe the cutting surface down with your bleach solution then rinse off.  Immediately wipe the board off and set it upright to dry. Any bacteria will not survive in dryness.
  4. Salt and Backing Soda - spread Salt or Baking Soda over the cutting surface of the board. Allow it to stand on the board to a couple of minutes before brushing off and rinsing.
  5. Lemon juice – rub the board with the juice. In a few minutes wipe, wash and rub the board with dry cloth. This way neutralizes strong odors like onion, garlic, fish etc.
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Stability of wood

Shrinkage and swelling happens under moisture changes.

 

Shrinkage is the process of reducing the size and volume of the wood due to reduced amount of water in it. Shrinkage of wood caused by content of water in the dry air, and there is process of returning to the environment of the adsorbed water from the cell walls of the wood. Thickness and size of the cell walls reduce because of disappearance of the absorbed water. Excessive shrinkage of the board may be the cause of the occurrence of cracks; shrinkage of a one side may be the reason of bending the cutting board.

 

Swelling is the process of increasing in size and in volume of wood due to increasing water in the wood, which depends on content of water in moist air or water.

 

We use 8% moisture level wood in End Grain Cutting boards manufacturing.  Under air moisture increasing wood moisture increase too, and swelling occurs; shrinkage occurs under moisture reducing. Different wood species react differently to moisture changes.

 

 

 

Averages changes of wood characteristics when the wood moisture from 8 to 9% and vice versa

 

Wood species

Averages changes of wood characteristics, %

Walnut

0,20

Ash

0,22

Birch

0,24

Oak

0,25

Maple

0,30

Beech

0,32

 

 

 

Wood moisture changes are less than air moisture changes. The table below shows that, for example, when moisture changes from 50 to 40% at a temperature of 20 ° C (68 ° F), wood moisture reduction is 1.5%. Temperature has a much lower impact on the wood moisture. For example, increase in temperature from 20 ° C (68 ° F), to 30 ° C (86 ° F) at a relative moisture 50%, reduce the total moisture content of 0.4%.

 

 

 

The change in the wood moisture content in %, depending on the climatic conditions according to Calvert (the numbers in the table indicate the wood moisture content)

 

 

 

Atmosphere relative humidity %

Temperature

 

10°C (50°F)

15°C (59°F)

20°C (68°F)

25°C (77°F)

30°C (86°F)

35°C (95°F)

40°C (104°F)

90

21,1

21,0

21,0

20,8

20,0

19,8

19,3

85

18,1

18,0

18,0

17,9

17,5

17,1

16,9

80

16,2

16,0

16,0

15,8

15,5

15,1

14,9

75

14,7

14,5

14,3

14,0

13,9

13,5

13,2

70

13,2

13,1

13,0

12,8

12,4

12,1

11,8

65

12,0

12,0

11,8

11,5

11,2

11,0

10,7

60

11,0

10,9

10,8

10,5

10,3

10,0

9,7

55

10,1

10,0

9,9

9,7

9,4

9,1

8,8

50

9,4

9,2

9,0

8,9

8,6

8,4

8,0

45

8,6

8,4

8,3

8,1

7,9

7,5

7,1

40

7,8

7,7

7,5

7,3

7,0

6,6

6,3

 

35

7,0

6,9

6,7

6,4

6,2

5,8

5,5

30

6,2

6,1

5,9

5,6

5,3

5,0

4,7

25

5,4

5,3

5,0

4,8

4,5

4,2

3,8

 

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Cutting Boards Recomendations

Most professional cooks use End Grain Cutting boards. Why? There are several reasons:

 

  1. The end surface of the wood is more firm and long-lived. Hardness of end surface is almost one and half times higher than hardness of side surface. For example, end grain hardness is 622 kgf/sm2; edge grain hardness is 521 kgf/sm2, face grain hardness is 463 kgf/sm2.
  2. When you use the End Grain Cutting board, knives stay sharp longer and need to sharpen rarer. Wood grains are perpendicular to a cutting face, and the blade of the knife as it move apart the grains. When you use an edge grain board, a knife just cut through grains, which leads to fast dulling of a knife. It is very important for professional cookers who have to sharpen knives several times every day.
  3. It is clear when you use a board many times, grains are cut through in several places and tiny piece of wood get in food. That is why all the ordinary boards are noticeably "cut through" in the center. However, a human stomach is not adapted to the digestion of cellulose.
  4. The End Grain Cutting Board less subject bacterial contamination, because after cutting grains "close" and oil coating protects against bacterial penetration inside the grains. Grains are cut through in an outer board and bacteria get inside the grains without problems. In general, wood boards are more hygienic than plastic or glass.

 Let us show you the difference – here we slashed a common board and end grain one using the same knife and putting the same effort. Then we treated the board with oil and got some macro-photos from one and the same distance and shooting angle.

Image 1. Cuts at an oak face grain cutting board

Image 1. Cuts at an oak face grain cutting board

As you see a sharp knife made deep cuts in wood. Wood grains are completely cut up and in later use it will fall.

Image 2. Oak end grain cutting board

Дубовая торцевая доска

Cuts are still evident but less distinct because the knife doesn’t cut up grains passing over by them.

Then we treated each board with mineral oil.

Image 3. Oak face grain cutting board treated with oil

Image 3. Oak face grain cutting board treated with oil

After oil treating procedure cuts become more distinct than before treating. Cutted grains was oiled that made wood darker.

Image 4. Oak end grain cutting board treated with oil

Image 4. Oak end grain cutting board treated with oil

Here the cuts are almost imperceptible, because in this case a knife doesn’t cut the grains across but make cuts from the end of the grain. It oiled to a few millimeters deep whereas on face and edge grain cutting boards are covered with a thin oilslick that doesn’t permeate the wood. Grain is swelling and closing due to oil treating guarantees board’s hygiene and saves its unique layout.

The boards are made from high quality wood where moisture content is less than 8%. We use mainly hard wood like an oak, an ash, a walnut, a horn beech, a maple, a birch and small amounts of hard African and American wood species like padauk, sapele, makore, mahogany, amaranth, zebrano. We can make Pine End Grain Cutting Boards, but these boards are quite soft (a hardness of pine end surface is 2 times less than harness of oak) and it is better to use it with dry foodstuff like bread, cheese, etc.

The boards are treated by food grade mineral oil to prolong service life, to protect against bacteria and to make beautiful appearance of a board. Mineral oil is tasteless and odorless. We use analog of medical mineral oil – the liquid paraffin intended for ingestion. You can buy it in a pharmacy. Sunflower, olive, and other food grade oils cannot be used for treatment, because after a while they become bitter and will transmit this taste to foodstuff. Linseed oil is the only exception, but even it is worse than mineral oil.

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Portuguese Cork

Sources

There are about 2,200,000 hectares of cork forest worldwide; 34% in Portugal and 27% in Spain. Annual production is about 200,000 tons; 49.6% from Portugal, 30.5% from Spain, 5.8% from Morocco, 4.9% from Algeria, 3.5% from Tunisia, 3.1% Italy, and 2.6% from France.

Once the trees are about 25 years old the cork is traditionally stripped from the trunks every nine years, with the first two harvests generally producing lower quality cork. The trees live for about 300 years.

The cork industry is generally regarded as environmentally friendly. Cork production is generally considered sustainable because the cork tree is not cut down to obtain cork; only the bark is stripped to harvest the cork. The tree continues to live and grow.

The sustainability of production and the easy recycling of cork products and by-products are two of its most distinctive aspects. Cork Oak forests also prevent desertification and are a particular habitat in the Iberian Peninsula and the refuge of various endangered species.

 

Properties and uses

 

 

 

Cork's bubble-form structure and natural fire retardant make it suitable for acoustic and thermal insulation in house walls, floors, ceilings and facades. The by-product of more lucrative stopper production, corkboard is gaining popularity as a non-allergenic, easy-to-handle and safe alternative to petrochemical-based insulation products.

 

 

 

 

 

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International Shipping

World Wide

 
 
até 01 Kg
até 02 Kg
até 03 Kg
até 04 Kg
até 05 Kg
até 06 Kg
até 07 Kg
até 08 Kg
até 09 Kg
até 10 Kg
até 11 Kg
até 12 Kg
Alemanha
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Andorra
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Áustria
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Bélgica
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Espanha
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
França
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Gibraltar
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Holanda
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Itália
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Liechtenstein
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Luxemburgo
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Mónaco
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Suíça
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Vaticano
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Albânia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Angola
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Bielorússia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Bósnia e Herzegovina
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Bulgária
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Cabo Verde
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Checa, Rep.
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Chipre
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Croácia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Dinamarca
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Eslováquia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Eslovénia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Estónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Finlândia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Grã-Bretanha
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Grécia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Guiné-Bissau
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Hungria
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Ilhas Faroé
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Irlanda
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Islândia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Kosovo
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Letónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Lituânia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Macedónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Malta
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Moçambique
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Moldávia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Noruega
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Polónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Roménia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
São Tomé e Príncipe
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Sérvia e Montenegro
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Suécia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Turquia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Ucrânia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
África do Sul
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Anguila
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Antígua e Barbuda
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Arábia Saudita
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Argélia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Argentina
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Arménia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Aruba
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Ascenção
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bahamas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bahrain
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Barbados
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Belize
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Benim
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bermudas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bolívia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Botswana
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Brasil
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Burkina Faso
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Burundi
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Camarões
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Canadá
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Cayman, Ilhas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Centro-Africana (Rep.)
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Chade
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Chile
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Colômbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Comores
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Congo
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Congo - Rep. Dem.
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Costa do Marfim
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Costa Rica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Cuba
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Curaçao
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Djibuti
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Dominica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Dominicana (Rep.)
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Egipto
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
El Salvador
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Emirados Árabes Unidos
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Equador
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Eritreia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Estados Unidos América
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Etiópia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Falkland, Ilhas (Malvinas )
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Federação Russa
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Gabão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Gâmbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Geórgia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Ghana
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Grenada
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Gronelândia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guadalupe
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guatemala
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiana
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiana Francesa
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiné
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiné Equatorial
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Haiti
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Honduras
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Irão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Iraque
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Israel
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Jamaica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Jordânia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Kuwait
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Lesoto
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Líbano
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Libéria
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Líbia (Jamahiriya Líbia)
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Madagáscar
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Malawi
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Mali
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Marrocos
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Martinica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Maurícias
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Mauritânia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
México
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Montserrat
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Namíbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Nicarágua
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Níger
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Nigéria
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Omão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Panamá
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Paraguai
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Peru
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Qatar
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Quénia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Reunião e Mayotte
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Ruanda
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
S. Christophe e Nevis
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
S. Pierre e Miquelon
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
S. Vicent e Grenadines
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Saint Martin
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Santa Helena
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Santa Lúcia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Senegal
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Serra Leoa
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Síria
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Suazilândia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Sudão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Sudão do Sul
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Suriname
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Tanzânia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Timor-Leste
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Togo
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Trindade e Tobago
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Tristão da Cunha
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Tunísia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Turques e Caiques
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Uganda
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Uruguai
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Venuzuela
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Virgens, Ilhas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Zâmbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Zimbabwe
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Afeganistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Austrália
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Azerbaijão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Bangladesh
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Brunei Darussalam
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Butão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Cambodja
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Cazaquistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
China (Rep. Pop.)
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Cook, Ilhas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Coreia Sul
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Coreia, Rep. Dem. Pop.
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Fidji
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Filipinas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Hong Kong
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Índia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Indonésia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Japão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Kiribati
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Laos, Rep. Dem. Pop.
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Macau
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Malásia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Maldivas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Mongólia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Myanmar
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nauru
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nepal
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nova Caledónia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nova Zelândia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Papua Nova-Guiné
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Paquistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Pitcairn, Ilhas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Polinésia Francesa
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Quirguistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Salomão, Ilhas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Samoa Americana
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Samoa Ocidental
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Seychelles
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Singapura
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Sri Lanka
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tailândia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Taiwan
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tajiquistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tonga
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Turkmenistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tuvalu
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Uzbequistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Vanuatu
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Vietnam
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Wallis e Futuna
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €

 

Read more...

Delivery

The National Order is a service of transport and delivery of non-priority merchandise up to 10 kg in the whole national territory. The orders are delivered to the CTT Store closest to the recipient, who is advised to proceed with their removal. Orders with delivery to the home add 3 Euros.

A Encomenda Nacional é um serviço de transporte e entrega de mercadorias não prioritárias até 10 kg em todo o território nacional. As encomendas são entregues na Loja CTT mais próxima do destinatário, que é avisado para proceder ao respetivo levantamento. As encomendas com entrega ao domicílio acrece 3 Euros.

 

Portugal

Distrito / Ilhas

Kilogramas

até 02 Kg

até 03 Kg

até 04 Kg

até 05 Kg

até 06 Kg

até 07 Kg

até 08 Kg

até 09 Kg

até 10Kg

Código Postal

 

1

 7.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 

2

 7.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 

3

 7.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 

4

 7.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

Bragança, Guarda, Porto, Vila Real, Viseu

5

 8.00 €

 10.00 €

 10.00 €

 10.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 

6

 7.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 

7

 7.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 8.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

 12.00 €

Faro

8

 8.00 €

 10.00 €

 10.00 €

 10.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

Açores

9

 11.00 €

 13.00 €

 14.00 €

 15.00 €

 20.00 €

 22.00 €

 24.00 €

 25.00 €

 26.00 €

Madeira

9

 10.00 €

 13.00 €

 14.00 €

 14.00 €

 19.00 €

 22.00 €

 24.00 €

 24.50 €

 25.00 €

Obs: Transporte via superfície, nas Ilhas transporte via aérea 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tempo de entrega Padrão (dias úteis): Continente até 3 dias, Madeira até 5 dias, Açores até 15 dias

                   
 
 

World Wide

 
 
até 01 Kg
até 02 Kg
até 03 Kg
até 04 Kg
até 05 Kg
até 06 Kg
até 07 Kg
até 08 Kg
até 09 Kg
até 10 Kg
até 11 Kg
até 12 Kg
Alemanha
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Andorra
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Áustria
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Bélgica
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Espanha
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
França
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Gibraltar
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Holanda
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Itália
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Liechtenstein
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Luxemburgo
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Mónaco
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Suíça
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Vaticano
29.52
33.21
36.9
38.13
40.59
45.51
46.74
50.43
52.89
56.58
61.5
65.19
Albânia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Angola
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Bielorússia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Bósnia e Herzegovina
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Bulgária
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Cabo Verde
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Checa, Rep.
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Chipre
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Croácia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Dinamarca
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Eslováquia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Eslovénia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Estónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Finlândia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Grã-Bretanha
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Grécia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Guiné-Bissau
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Hungria
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Ilhas Faroé
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Irlanda
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Islândia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Kosovo
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Letónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Lituânia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Macedónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Malta
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Moçambique
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Moldávia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Noruega
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Polónia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Roménia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
São Tomé e Príncipe
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Sérvia e Montenegro
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Suécia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Turquia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
Ucrânia
34.44
39.36
44.28
46.74
51.66
57.81
60.27
65.19
70.11
73.8
82.41
87.33
África do Sul
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Anguila
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Antígua e Barbuda
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Arábia Saudita
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Argélia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Argentina
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Arménia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Aruba
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Ascenção
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bahamas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bahrain
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Barbados
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Belize
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Benim
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bermudas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Bolívia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Botswana
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Brasil
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Burkina Faso
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Burundi
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Camarões
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Canadá
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Cayman, Ilhas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Centro-Africana (Rep.)
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Chade
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Chile
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Colômbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Comores
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Congo
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Congo - Rep. Dem.
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Costa do Marfim
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Costa Rica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Cuba
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Curaçao
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Djibuti
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Dominica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Dominicana (Rep.)
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Egipto
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
El Salvador
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Emirados Árabes Unidos
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Equador
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Eritreia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Estados Unidos América
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Etiópia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Falkland, Ilhas (Malvinas )
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Federação Russa
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Gabão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Gâmbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Geórgia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Ghana
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Grenada
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Gronelândia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guadalupe
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guatemala
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiana
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiana Francesa
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiné
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Guiné Equatorial
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Haiti
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Honduras
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Irão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Iraque
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Israel
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Jamaica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Jordânia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Kuwait
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Lesoto
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Líbano
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Libéria
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Líbia (Jamahiriya Líbia)
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Madagáscar
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Malawi
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Mali
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Marrocos
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Martinica
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Maurícias
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Mauritânia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
México
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Montserrat
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Namíbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Nicarágua
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Níger
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Nigéria
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Omão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Panamá
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Paraguai
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Peru
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Qatar
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Quénia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Reunião e Mayotte
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Ruanda
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
S. Christophe e Nevis
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
S. Pierre e Miquelon
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
S. Vicent e Grenadines
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Saint Martin
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Santa Helena
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Santa Lúcia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Senegal
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Serra Leoa
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Síria
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Suazilândia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Sudão
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Sudão do Sul
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Suriname
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Tanzânia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Timor-Leste
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Togo
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Trindade e Tobago
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Tristão da Cunha
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Tunísia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Turques e Caiques
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Uganda
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Uruguai
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Venuzuela
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Virgens, Ilhas
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Zâmbia
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Zimbabwe
41.82
51.66
61.5
71.34
81.18
91.02
100.86
110.7
120.54
132.84
140.22
150.06
Afeganistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Austrália
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Azerbaijão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Bangladesh
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Brunei Darussalam
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Butão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Cambodja
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Cazaquistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
China (Rep. Pop.)
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Cook, Ilhas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Coreia Sul
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Coreia, Rep. Dem. Pop.
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Fidji
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Filipinas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Hong Kong
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Índia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Indonésia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Japão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Kiribati
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Laos, Rep. Dem. Pop.
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Macau
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Malásia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Maldivas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Mongólia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Myanmar
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nauru
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nepal
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nova Caledónia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Nova Zelândia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Papua Nova-Guiné
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Paquistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Pitcairn, Ilhas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Polinésia Francesa
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Quirguistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Salomão, Ilhas
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Samoa Americana
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Samoa Ocidental
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Seychelles
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Singapura
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Sri Lanka
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tailândia
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Taiwan
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tajiquistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tonga
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Turkmenistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Tuvalu
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Uzbequistão
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Vanuatu
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Vietnam
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €
Wallis e Futuna
 50.43 €
 68.88 €
 87.33 €
 105.78 €
 124.23 €
 142.68 €
 161.13 €
 179.58 €
 196.80 €
 215.25 €
 233.70 €
 252.15 €

 

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Studies and Reports

 
NEW STUDY SHOWS WOOD CUTTING BOARDS,
NOT PLASTIC, ARE SAFER FOR FOOD PREPARATION
 
Despite the prevailing wisdom, bacteria die much more quickly on wood.
For decades now, cooks in homes and restaurants have been urged to use plastic rather than wood cutting boards in the
name of food safety.
 
The fear is that disease causing bacteria – salmonella from raw chicken, for example – will soak into a cutting board
and later contaminate other foods cut on the same surface and served uncooked, such as salad ingredients. It’s become an
article of faith among “experts” that plastic cutting boards are safer than wood for food preparation because, as the thinking
goes, plastic is less hospitable to bacteria.
It seems reasonable, but it just ain’t so, according to two scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Food
Research Institute.
 
Dean O. Cliver and Nese O. Ak, food microbiologists in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, have found that
in some as yet unknown way wooden cutting boards kill bacteria that survive well on plastic boards.
“This flies in the face of prevailing wisdom”, says Cliver, “It isn’t what I expected. Our original objectives were to
learn about bacterial contamination of wood cutting boards to find a way to decontaminate the wood so it would be almost as
safe as plastic. That’s not what happened.”
 
Cliver is quick to point out that cooks should continue to be careful when they handle foods and wash off cutting
surfaces after they cut meat or chicken that may be contaminated with bacteria.
“Wood may be preferable in that small lapses in sanitary practices are not as dangerous on wood as on plastic,” he
says. “This doesn’t mean you can be sloppy about safety. It means you can use a wood cutting board if that is the kind you
prefer. It certainly isn’t less safe than plastic and appears to be more safe.”
Cliver and Ak began by purposely contaminating wood and plastic boards with bacteria and then trying to recover
those bacteria alive from the boards. They also tested boards made from several different species of trees and four types of
plastic. They incubated contaminated boards overnight at refrigerator and room temperatures and at high and typical humidity
levels. They tested several bacteria – Salmonella, Listeria and enterohemorrhagic Escherichiacoli– known to produce foodpoisoning.
 
The results consistently favored the wooden boards, often by a large margin over plastic boards, according to Cliver.
The scientists found that three minutes after contaminating a board that 99.9 percent of the bacteria on wooden boards had
died, while none of the bacteria died on plastic. Bacterial numbers actually increased on plastic cutting boards held overnight at room temperature, but the scientists could not recover any bacteria from wooden boards treated the same way.
 
So where did we get the idea that wood isn’t safe? Cliver and Ak don’t know. They did a literature search and have
not found any studies that evaluated the food safety attributes of wood and plastic cutting boards.
Although Ak, a graduate student at the Food Research Institute, will soon return to Turkey, Cliver hopes to continue
the studies. A major question now, he says, is why wood is so inhospitable to bacteria. He and Ak have tried unsuccessfully to
recover a compound in wood that inhibits bacteria.
 
The first year of the study was funded by the Food Research Institute with unrestricted food industry gift funds; other
funding sources are now being sought. Cliver and Ak will soon submit an article based on the research to a referred scientific
journal.
 
 
 
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